Hei momo nūru, he āhuatanga tō ngā nūru hou me ngā nūru mākū, arā, he hou, he ngawari te tae, he māeneene te reka, he ngāwari te hanga, he kaha te reka, he kai totika, he hauora hoki, ā, he watea hoki te kai, he akuaku hoki. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā nūru maroke, he pai te reka, he iti hoki te utu whakaputa, he iti hoki te utu hanga [1]. He pai tonu ki te iwi ēnei nūru, ā, he nui haere tonu ō rātou momo. Heoi anō, he poto noa te wā e pupuri ana i te reka me te reka o ngā nūru mākū tuku iho. He wero tonu te whakapai ake i te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou me te kore e pā ki te roa o te wā e tunua ana.
Te Pānga o te Hangarau Tukatuka ki te Kaha o te Ngongo i ngā Nūru Mākū Hou
Ko te hangarau tukatuka tuku iho o ngā nūru mākū hou ko te maimoatanga o mua i ngā rauemi mata me ngā rauemi āwhina, te whakaranu paraoa pokepoke, te whakatōnga matū, te whakahou i te pāmahana me te haumākū (te maoa), te whakatōnga tonu, te tapahi i ngā riu, te whakamaroke hau, te whakahoromata (pēnei i te whakahoromata ultraviolet), te takai [2] me ētahi atu tukanga.
1, Te Pānga o te Ara Whakaranu Nūru ki te Kaha o te Ngongo o ngā Nūru Hou me ngā Nūru Mākū
He mea nui te whakaranu nūru i roto i te tukanga whakaputa nūru mākū hou, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tikanga, te wā me te tere o te whakaranu paraoa pokepoke ka whakatau i te nui o te marara o te paraoa pokepoke [3]. Ka pā tika te kounga o te tukanga whakaranu paraoa pokepoke ki te kounga o te tukanga e whai ake nei me te hua whakamutunga [2]. Ko te taputapu matua ko te mīhini whakaranu paraoa pokepoke.
He taputapu whakaranu paraoa matatau te mīhini whakaranu paraoa korehau i ngā tau tata nei. Nā te mea e mau tonu ana te pēhanga korehau i roto i te mīhini whakaranu paraoa, ka karohia te wera o te paraoa. I taua wā anō, ka rehuhia te wai tote ki te āhua kohu i raro i te pēhanga kino, ā, ka whakaranua katoatia te wai tote me te paraoa. Ka taea e te pūmua i roto i te paraoa te mimiti katoa i te wai i roto i te wā poto rawa. Ka taea e te nui o te wai e tāpirihia ana te tae atu ki te 46% neke atu rānei, ka hanga i te whatunga kuruteni pai rawa atu, ka nui ake te ngāwari o ngā nūru [2].
I whakahaerehia e Li Man me ētahi atu [4] ētahi whakamātautau mō te whakaranu korehau, ko te nuinga o te rangahau ko ngā pānga o te korehau me te mata ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū, te hanganga moroiti me te āhua makuku o ngā nūru mākū hou. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua, i te pikinga ake o te korehau, i tino pai ake ngā āhuatanga kakano o ngā nūru mākū hou (P>0.05), engari i te wā i 0.08 MPa te korehau, he ngoikore ngā āhuatanga kakano o ngā nūru mākū hou. I te wā i 0.06 MPa te korehau, i whakaatuhia e ngā nūru mākū hou ngā āhuatanga kakano pai rawa atu.
Hei tāpiritanga, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te karu hiko matawai he hanganga pumau, he hanganga kiato hoki o ngā nūru mākū hou mā te korehau me te nūru. E whakaatu ana ā rātou rangahau he pai ake te mārō o ngā nūru mākū hou mā te whakaranu korehau, ā, ka pai ake te ngāwari me te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou.
Te Pānga o ngā Tātai Rerekē ki te Kaha o te Ngongo i ngā Nūru Mākū Hou
1. Te Pānga o ngā Tāpiringa Kai ki te Ngaungau o ngā Nūru Makuku Hou
I tēnei wā, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā tāpiringa kai i roto i te ao kai, me te whānuitanga o ngā momo me ngā tono rerekē. E 23 ngā momo tāpiringa kai i Haina, ā, kua neke atu i te 2000 ngā momo, ā, kua piki ake te whakamahinga i ia tau [6]. Ko ngā tāpiringa e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukatuka nūru ko ngā whakarei ake i te kuruteni me ngā whakaritenga whākōkī (pēnei i te α-Amylase), me ētahi atu.
（1） Te Pānga o te Ārai Whakakaha ki te Kaha o te Ngongo o ngā Nūru Mākū Hou
Ka pā tika te kaha o te paraoa mākū hou ki tōna ngawari ki te ngaungau ki tētahi taumata. Ko te whakarei ake i te kuruteni he momo tāpiringa kai ka taea te hono atu ki te pūmua hei whakapai ake i te mahi tukatuka kuruteni me te pupuri hau. Nō reira, he pai te whakarei ake i te kuruteni hei whakapai ake i te ngawari o ngā nūru mākū hou.
1. Paraoa kuruteni
Ko te kuruteni witi, e mōhiotia ana ko te kuruteni hohe, he paura i tangohia mai i te witi mā te whakamaroke, te kuru me ētahi atu tukanga i muri i te horoinga o te māngaro me ētahi atu matū wairewa-wai ki te wai [7]. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te paura kuruteni ko te kuruteni me te gliadin, he kaha te mimiti wai, he kaha te wai, he kaha te whakapūmau, he kaha te toronga me ētahi atu āhuatanga. He mea whakapai paraoa pai rawa atu, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga taro, nūru me ētahi atu hua paraoa.
I kitea e Niu Qiaojuan me ētahi atu [8] mā te tāpiri i te 0.8% kuruteni ka taea te whakapai ake i te pakeketanga me ngā āhuatanga kume o ngā nūru, me te whakaiti i te ngaronga o te tunu kai o ngā nūru. I whakaritea e Wu Yang [9] ngā pānga o te kuruteni, te tote me te kapia xanthan ki te kounga tunu me te kounga rongo o te paraoa witi katoa mākū hou i runga i te whakatau i te ōwehenga o te parani witi me te ira witi i roto i te paraoa witi katoa mākū hou.
I kitea i roto i ngā rangahau whakamātautau a Wu Yang, ka taea e te whatunga kuruteni i hangaia i waenga i te kuruteni me te paraoa witi te whakapai ake i te pumau o te mata mākū hou. Ina 1.5%~2.5% te nui o te kuruteni i tāpirihia, kua tino pai ake te ihirangi pūmua me te aromatawai i ngā kare ā-roto o te mata mākū hou, ko te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga he ngaungau me te ngāwari.
Nō reira, mā te nui o te paura kuruteni e tika ana ka pai ake te kounga o ngā nūru mākū hou ki tētahi taumata, kia pai ake ai te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou.
2. Māngaro kua whakarerekētia te manioka, te konutai alginate
Ka taea te whiwhi i te māngaro manioka kua whakarerekētia mā te whakarerekētanga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakamātotoru, hei whakaū, hei pupuri wai, hei whakawhanui, me ētahi atu i roto i te umanga kai.
Ko te konutai alginate he polysaccharide anionic i tangohia mai i te rimu, i te hiku hōiho rānei o te rimu parauri. Ko tōna ngota ngota he mea tito mai i te waikawa β-D-mannuronic (β-Dmannuronic, M) me te waikawa α-L-Guluouronic (α-L-guluronic, G) ka honoa mā te pēhi i ngā kī (1-4) [10]. He matotoru te wai o te konutai alginate, ā, e whakamahia ana ināianei hei whakamātotoru, hei whakaū, hei emulsifier, me ētahi atu mea o te kai.
I tangohia e Mao Rujing [11] te paraoa mākū hou hei kaupapa rangahau, ā, i akohia ngā pānga o ngā whakarerekētanga kounga e toru pērā i te māngaro kua whakarerekētia o te cassava, te konutai alginate me te gluten ki ngā āhuatanga kakano o te paraoa mākū hou. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua, i te mea he 0.5% te ihirangi o te māngaro cassava kua whakarerekētia, he 0.4% te konutai alginate, ā, he 4% te gluten, he pai ngā āhuatanga kounga o ngā nūru mākū hou. Ko te mahi matua ko te hekenga o te mimiti wai o ngā nūru mākū hou, i te mea kua pai ake te pakeke, te ngāwari me te ngawari ki te ngaungau.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he pai ake te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou nā ngā whakarei ake i te kuruteni (te māngaro kua whakarerekētia o te tapioca, te konutai alginate me te kuruteni).
(II) α- Te Pānga o te Amylase ki te Kaha o te Ngongo o ngā Nūru Makuku Hou
kia ahu mai i te α- Ngā āhuatanga o te amylase, i rangahau a Shi Yanpei me ētahi atu [12] i ngā pānga o ngā rahinga rerekē o te α- Te pānga o te amylase ki te kounga o ngā nūru mākū hou. E whakaatu ana ngā hua: α- He pikinga ake o te nui o te amylase i tāpirihia, inā koa i te wā i tāpirihia ai te α- I te wā i tāpirihia ai te nui o te amylase ki te 150 mg/L, i tino pai ake te pakeke, te ngaungau me ētahi atu āhuatanga kakano o ngā nūru mākū hou, ā, i whakaatu anō hoki he pai te α- Amylase ki te whakapai ake i te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou.
2. Te Pānga o te Paura Tio Haina ki te Ngaungau o ngā Nūru Makuku Hou
He maha ngā mahi hauora a te nati tīnati. He nui ngā waikawa ngako kore-kukū kei roto, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā ngako toto. Mō te hunga e pāngia ana e te toto toto tiketike me te mate ngakau, he kai tonic pai [13]. Hei whakakapi pea mō te paraoa witi, ko te paraoa nati tīnati Hainamana he mea hanga ki ngā warowaihā matatini, he iti te taupū glycemic, kāore he gluten, he nui te pūmua [14].
Mā te tāpiri i te nui tika o te paura nati katoa ki roto i te hanganga o ngā nūru mākū hou, ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake i ngā momo nūru mākū hou, engari ka whakarei ake hoki i te uara kai o ngā nūru mākū hou.
I whakahaerehia e Li Yong me ētahi atu [15] ngā whakamātautau rangahau mō te awe o te paura nati katoa ki te kounga o ngā nūru mākū hou. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te pakeke, te ngaungau me te piri o ngā nūru mākū hou i piki ake i te tuatahi, kātahi ka heke iho i te pikinga o te paura nati katoa i tāpirihia, inā koa i te taenga o te paura nati katoa i tāpirihia ki te 20%, ka eke ōna āhuatanga kakano ki te pai rawa atu.
Hei tāpiritanga, i whakahaerehia e Li Yong et al. [16] tētahi rangahau mō te ngāwari o te nakunaku māngaro o te paraoa nati hou me te paraoa mākū. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua: ko te nui o te māngaro katoa me te nui o te māngaro nakunaku o te paraoa nati hou me te paraoa mākū me te tāpiritanga o te paraoa nati katoa i heke haere i te pikinga o te tāpiritanga o te paraoa nati katoa. Mā te tāpiritanga o te paraoa nati katoa ka taea te whakaiti nui i te ngāwari o te nakunaku māngaro me te taupū huka (GI) o te paraoa nati hou me te paraoa mākū. Ina neke atu i te 20% te tāpiritanga o te paraoa nati katoa, ka taea te whakarerekē i te paraoa witi mākū hou mai i te kai EGI teitei (EGI>75) ki te kai EGI waenga (55
I te nuinga o te wā, mā te nui tika o te paura nati katoa ka pai ake te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou, ka whakaiti hoki i te ngāwari o te nakunaku o te māngaro me te taupū huka o ngā nūru mākū hou.
3. Te Pānga o te Paraoa ki te Ngaungau o ngā Nūru Makuku Hou
（1） Te pānga o te rahi o te matūriki paraoa ki te ngawari o te ngaungau o te paraoa mākū hou
Ko te paraoa witi te rauemi mata tino nui mō te hanga paraoa mākū hou. Ka taea te whiwhi paraoa witi me ngā momo kounga me ngā rahi matūriki rerekē (e mōhiotia ana ko te paraoa) mā te horoi, te whakamakuku, te whakamakuku (te tiki i te witi mira), te huri me te tātari (te tihore i te kiri, te pūtake, te para me te hiku), te whakaranu paraoa, te takai me ētahi atu tukanga, engari ka kino te hanganga matūriki mā te mahi huri [18].
Ko te rahi o te pata o te paraoa witi tētahi o ngā mea nui e pā ana ki te kounga o te paraoa mākū hou, ā, ko te rahi o te pata o te paraoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tika o tana tukatuka.
I rangahauhia, i whakamatautauria hoki e Qi Jing me ētahi atu [19] te kakano, ngā āhuatanga tairongo, ā-tinana me te matū o te paraoa mākū hou i hangaia mai i te paraoa he rerekē te rahi o ngā matūriki. E whakaatu ana ngā hua rangahau mō ōna āhuatanga kakano kua tino piki ake te pakeke, te ngāwari, te piripono, te ngaungau me te manawanui o te paraoa mākū hou me te pikinga ake o te awhe rahi o te matūriki paraoa, inā koa ko ngā āhuatanga kakano o te paraoa mākū hou i hangaia mai i te paraoa i waenga i te 160~180 mata ka eke ki te taumata pai rawa atu.
I whakaatu ngā hua he nui te awe o te rahi o te witi ki ngā āhuatanga kakano o ngā nūru mākū hou, ā, he nui anō hoki te pānga ki te ngawari o te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou.
（2） Te pānga o te paraoa maroke i whakamahanatia ki te ngawari o te ngaungau o te paraoa hou me te paraoa mākū
Mā te whakamahana maroke tika o te paraoa ka whakaiti i te makuku o te paraoa, ka patu i ngā moroiti me ngā hua manu i roto i te paraoa, ka whakakore hoki i ngā whākōkī i roto i te paraoa [20]. Ko ngā mea matua e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga tukatuka paraoa ko te pūmua kuruteni me ngā ngota māngaro i roto i te paraoa. Ka whakapūmau te whakamahana maroke i te kuruteni, ā, ka nui te pānga ki ngā āhuatanga tukatuka paraoa [21].
I rangahauhia, i whakamatautauria hoki e Wang Zhizhong [22] ngā nūru hou me ngā nūru mākū i hangaia mai i te paraoa maroke me te paraoa i whakamahanatia. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e te paraoa maroke me te paraoa i whakamahanatia te whakapai ake i te pakeke me te ngawari o ngā nūru hou me te mākū, me te whakaiti paku i te ngāwari me te manawanui o ngā nūru hou me te mākū. I eke tōna pakeke me te ngawari ki te ngaungau ki te 120 ℃, ā, ko te wā pai rawa atu mō te whakamahana he 60 meneti. Ko te wā pai rawa atu mō te whakamahana ko te 30 meneti. I whakaatu tēnei i te whakapai ake i te ngawari o te ngaungau o te paraoa hou me te mākū mā te paraoa whakamahanatia maroke ki tētahi taumata.
4. Te Pānga o te Miraka Waikawa ki te Ngaungau o ngā Nūru Makuku Hou
He momo pata miraka te miraka kawa i hangaia mā te whakapūkara me te whakatipu i ngā huakita waikawa miraka motuhake. He reka pai, he nui te uara kai, he ngāwari te nakunaku me te mimiti, ā, ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā tipu puku me te whakahaere i te mahi a te puku [23].
Ehara i te mea ka mau tonu ngā matūkai tūturu katoa o te miraka hou i roto i te miraka kawa, engari ka taea hoki te whakaputa i ngā momo huaora e tika ana mō te kai a te tangata i te wā whakapūkara, pērā i te huaora B1, te huaora B2 me te huaora B6. Nā te whakapūkara o ngā huakita waikawa lactic, i te mea ka whakapai ake i ngā matūkai, ka puta hoki ētahi matū hohe ā-tinana, ka taea te whakahaere nui i ngā mahi a te tinana [24].
I rangahau auaha a Li Zhen me ētahi atu [25] i te whakamahinga o te miraka kawa ki roto i ngā nūru mākū hou, ā, i tātarihia te kakano ki runga i ngā nūru mākū hou i tāpirihia ki te miraka kawa. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua, i te pikinga ake o te nui o te miraka kawa i tāpirihia, ka piki haere te pakeke me te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou, i te mea ka heke haere te matotoru, te ngāwari me te manawanui. He hononga pai te pakeke me te ngaungau o ngā nūru ki te reka o ngā nūru. Ko ngā nūru he nui te kaha kutikuti he kaha ake, he ngāwari ake [26].
I tātarihia e rātou ko ngā take e rua pea i puta ai te huringa:
Tuatahi, i te pikinga ake o te ōwehenga o te miraka kawa, ka heke haere te nui o te wai e tāpirihia ana ki ngā nūru mākū hou, ā, mā te iti o te wai ka mārō te paraoa pokepoke, nō reira ka piki haere te mārō o ngā nūru mākū hou;
Tuarua, ko te matotoru o ngā nūru mākū hou e whakaata ana i te maeneene o te mata o ngā nūru mākū hou. Ka nui ake te matotoru, ka nui ake ngā matūriki māngaro e piri ana ki te mata o ngā nūru mākū hou, ā, ka nui ake ngā matū e turuturu ana ki roto i te hupa i te wā e tunua ana.
I tino heke te matotoru o ngā nūru mākū hou i muri i te tāpiri i te miraka kawa, e tohu ana mā te tāpiri i te miraka kawa ka whakanui ake i te maeneene o te mata o ngā nūru mākū hou, me te whakaiti i ngā matū e turuturu ana ki roto i te hupa i te wā e tunu ana, he rite tonu ki te hua i whakaitihia e te miraka kawa te tere ngaronga o te tunu o ngā nūru mākū hou;
Ka tāpirihia e te pūmua i roto i te miraka kawa te pūmua i roto i te paraoa, ā, ka whakapai ake te ngako i roto i te miraka kawa i te kaha o ngā nūru mākū hou, ā, ka whakapai ake i te mahi tukatuka ā-pūkaha o ngā nūru mākū hou, ka whakapai ake hoki i te reka o ngā nūru mākū hou [25]. Nō reira, kua whakapai ake te miraka kawa i te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou ki tētahi taumata, ā, ka pai ake te reka o ngā nūru mākū hou ki te tangata.
I te mea kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā nūru mākū hou i waenga i ngā kaihoko, kei te nui haere hoki te aro o te tangata ki te reka o ngā nūru mākū hou. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau hou kei te mau tonu ētahi ngoikoretanga o te kounga o ngā nūru mākū hou, inā koa te whakapai ake i te ngaungau o ngā nūru mākū hou. Nō reira, ko te huarahi tonu hei rangahau atu i ngā rā kei te heke mai ko te whakapai ake i te ngaungau, te reka me te uara kai o ngā nūru mākū hou mai i ngā āhuatanga o te hangarau tukatuka me te whakapai ake i te tauira.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 25-2022