Whai muri i te whakamātautau o te kirika poaka o Āwherika me te mate mawhitiwhiti o Āwherika ki te Rawhiti, ko te mate urutā niumōnia karauna hou e whai ake nei kei te whakanui ake i te utu kai me te raruraru tuku kai o te ao, ā, tera pea ka whakatairanga i ngā huringa tuturu i roto i te mekameka tuku.
Ko te pikinga ake o te maha o ngā kaimahi i puta mai i te mate niumōnia karauna hou, te aukati i te mekameka tuku me ngā mahi kati ōhanga ka pā kino ki te tuku kai o te ao. Tērā pea ka kino ake te āhuatanga nā ētahi mahi a ētahi kāwanatanga ki te whakawhāiti i te kaweake witi hei whakatutuki i te hiahia o roto.
I roto i tētahi wānanga ipurangi i whakaritea e te Globalization Think Tank (CCG), i kōrero a Matthew Kovac, te kaiwhakahaere matua o te Food Industry Association of Asia (FIA), ki tētahi kairīpoata mai i China Business News, ko te raruraru poto o te mekameka tuku ko ngā tikanga hoko a te kaihoko. Kua pāngia te umanga kai tuku iho e ngā huringa; i te wā roa, ka whakahaerehia pea e ngā kamupene kai nui te whakaputanga kore-whakahaere.
Ko ngā whenua rawakore rawa atu te hunga e tino pāngia ana
E ai ki ngā raraunga i tukuna tata nei e te Peeke o te Ao, ko ngā whenua 50 i tino pāngia e te mate urutā hou o te niumōnia karauna, e 66% te toharite o te tuku kai kaweake o te ao. Ko te wāhanga mai i te 38% mō ngā hua ahuwhenua pēnei i te tupeka ki te 75% mō ngā hinu kararehe me ngā hinu huawhenua, ngā hua hou me te mīti. Ko te kaweake o ngā kai matua pēnei i te kānga, te witi me te raihi he tino whakawhirinaki ki ēnei whenua.
Kei te pāngia hoki ngā whenua whakaputa hua kotahi-te-mana e te mate urutā. Hei tauira, ko Belgium tētahi o ngā whenua kaweake rīwai nui rawa atu o te ao. Nā te aukati, ehara i te mea ko Belgium anake i ngaro ngā hoko nā te katinga o ngā wharekai o te rohe, engari i mutu hoki ngā hoko ki ētahi atu whenua Pākehā nā te aukati. Ko Ghana tētahi o ngā whenua kaweake koko nui rawa atu o te ao. I te wā i aro ai te tangata ki te hoko i ngā mea e hiahiatia ana hei utu mō te tiakarete i te wā o te mate urutā, ka ngaro katoa ngā mākete Pākehā me Āhia i te whenua.
I roto i te pūrongo, i kī te tohunga ōhanga matua o te Peeke o te Ao, a Michele Ruta me ētahi atu, mēnā ka pā te mate o ngā kaimahi me te tono i te wā o te tawhiti hapori ki te tuku hua ahuwhenua e nui ana te mahi, kāti i muri i te pakarutanga o te mate urutā. I roto i te hauwhā, ka heke pea te tuku kai kaweake o te ao mā te 6% ki te 20%, ā, ka heke pea te tuku kai kaweake o te maha o ngā kai matua, tae atu ki te raihi, te witi me te rīwai, mā te neke atu i te 15%.
E ai ki te aroturukitanga a te European Union University Institute (EUI), te Global Trade Alert (GTA) me te World Bank, tae noa ki te mutunga o Paenga-whāwhā, neke atu i te 20 ngā whenua me ngā rohe kua whakatakoto i ētahi momo here mō ngā kaweake kai. Hei tauira, kua whakatakoto a Rūhia me Kazakhstan i ngā here kaweake e rite ana ki ngā witi, ā, kua whakatakoto a Īnia me Vietnam i ngā here kaweake e rite ana ki te raihi. I taua wā anō, kei te tere haere ētahi whenua ki te kawemai hei penapena kai. Hei tauira, kei te penapena raihi a Philippines, ā, kei te penapena witi a Īhipa.
I te pikinga ake o ngā utu kai nā te pānga o te mate urutā hou o te niumōnia karauna, tera pea ka hiahia te kāwanatanga ki te whakamahi i ngā kaupapa here hokohoko hei whakaū i ngā utu o roto. Ko tēnei momo tiaki kai te āhua nei he huarahi pai hei whakarato awhina ki ngā rōpū tino whakaraerae, engari ko te whakatinanatanga o aua wawaotanga e te maha o ngā kāwanatanga ka piki ake pea ngā utu kai o te ao, pērā i te mea i tupu i te tau 2010-2011. E ai ki ngā whakatau tata a te World Bank, i te hauwhā i muri i te pakarutanga katoa o te mate urutā, ko te pikinga ake o ngā here kaweake ka hua ake he hekenga toharite o te tuku kaweake kai o te ao mā te 40.1%, ko ngā utu kai o te ao ka piki ake mā te toharite o te 12.9%. Ka piki ake ngā utu nui o te ika, te ōti, te huawhenua me te witi mā te 25% neke atu rānei.
Ko ēnei pānga kino ka pā ki ngā whenua rawakore rawa atu. E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te World Economic Forum, i ngā whenua rawakore rawa atu, ko te kai te 40%-60% o tā rātou kai, arā, e 5-6 ngā wā te nui ake i ngā whenua matatau. E whakarārangihia ana e te Food Vulnerability Index a Nomura Securities ngā whenua me ngā rohe e 110 i runga i te mōrearea o ngā pikinga nui o ngā utu kai. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga hou ko te nuinga o ngā whenua me ngā rohe e 50 e tino whakaraerae ana ki te pikinga tonu o ngā utu kai. Ko te ōhanga whakawhanake e tata ana ki te toru haurima o te taupori o te ao e pāngia ana. I roto i a rātou, ko ngā whenua e tino pāngia ana e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kawemai kai ko Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Ihipa, Yemen me Cuba. Ko te utu kai toharite i roto i ēnei whenua ka piki ake mā te 15% ki te 25.9%. Mō ngā witi, ko te tere pikinga utu i roto i ngā whenua whakawhanake me ngā whenua iti rawa te whanaketanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā kawemai kai ka eke ki te 35.7%.
"He maha ngā āhuatanga e whakawero ana i te pūnaha kai o te ao. Haunga te mate urutā o nāianei, kei reira anō hoki te huringa āhuarangi me ētahi atu take. Ki taku whakaaro he mea nui kia whakamahia he whānuitanga o ngā huinga kaupapa here ina aro atu ki tēnei wero." I kī atu te Kaiwhakahaere o te International Food Policy Research Institute, a Johan Swinnen, ki ngā kairīpoata a CBN, he mea tino nui kia whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi pūtake hoko kotahi. "Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ki te mea he wāhanga nui o te kai taketake ka ahu mai i tētahi whenua, ka ngoikore tēnei mekameka tuku me te tuku ki ngā tūmomo mōrearea. Nō reira, he rautaki pai ake te hanga i tētahi putea haumi hei ahu mai i ngā wāhi rerekē." I mea ia.
Me pēhea te whakanui ake i te mekameka tuku
I te marama o Āperira, he maha ngā whare patu kararehe i te US i whakaūngia ai he mate kei roto i ngā kaimahi, ā, i katihia. Haunga te pānga tika o te whakahekenga 25% o te tuku poaka, i puta anō hoki ngā pānga ā-korekore pērā i ngā āwangawanga mō te tono mō te whāngai kānga. Ko te "World Agricultural Supply and Demand Forecast Report" hou i tukuna e te Tari Ahuwhenua o Amerika e whakaatu ana ko te nui o te whāngai i whakamahia i te tau 2019-2020 ka tata ki te 46% o te tono kānga ā-rohe i te United States.
"He wero nui te katinga o te wheketere nā te mate urutā hou o te niumōnia karauna. Mēnā ka kati mō ngā rā torutoru noa iho, ka taea e te wheketere te whakahaere i ana mate. Heoi, ko te whakamutua o te mahi whakaputa mō te wā roa, ehara i te mea ka noho puku noa ngā kaihanga, engari ka raru anō hoki ā rātou kaiwhakarato." Te kī a Christine McCracken, te kaitātari matua i te umanga pūmua kararehe a Rabobank.
Nā te pakarutanga ohorere o te mate niumōnia hou kua pā mai he maha ngā pānga uaua ki te mekameka tuku kai o te ao. Mai i te whakahaere o ngā wheketere mīti i te Hononga o Amerika ki te kohi hua me te huawhenua i Inia, kua whakararuraruhia hoki e ngā here haereere whakawhiti rohe te huringa whakaputa ā-wā noa o ngā kaimahi pāmu. E ai ki a The Economist, e hiahia ana te Hononga o Amerika me Ūropi ki te neke atu i te 1 miriona kaimahi manene mai i Mexico, Āwherika ki te Raki me Ūropi ki te Rawhiti i ia tau hei whakahaere i te kotinga, engari inaianei kei te kitea haeretia te raruraru o te korenga o ngā kaimahi.
I te mea ka uaua haere te kawe i ngā hua ahuwhenua ki ngā whare tukatuka me ngā mākete, he maha ngā pāmu me maka, me whakangaro rānei i te miraka me ngā kai hou kāore e taea te tuku ki ngā whare tukatuka. E ai ki te Agricultural Products Marketing Association (PMA), he rōpū hokohoko ahumahi i te Hononga o Amerika, neke atu i te $5 piriona te moni kua moumouhia i roto i ngā hua me ngā huawhenua hou, ā, i maka e ētahi wheketere miraka ngā mano karani miraka.
I kī atu a Carla Hilhorst, te tumuaki tuarua o Unilever R&D, tētahi o ngā kamupene kai me te inu nui rawa atu o te ao, ki ngā kairīpoata a te CBN me whakaatu te mekameka tuku i te nui haere o ngā hua.
"Me whakatairanga tātou i te nui haere o ngā hua me te kanorau, nā te mea kei te whakawhirinaki rawa atu tā tātou kai me tā tātou whakaputanga ki ngā kōwhiringa iti noa iho." I kī a Silhorst, "I roto i ā tātou rauemi mata katoa, kotahi anake te pūtake whakaputanga? , E hia ngā kaiwhakarato kei reira, kei hea ngā rauemi mata e hangaia ana, ā, kei hea ngā wāhi e hangaia ai ngā rauemi mata kei te mōrearea ake? Mai i ēnei take, me mahi tonu tātou i te nui o ngā mahi."
I kōrero a Kovac ki ngā kairīpoata o te CBN, mō te wā poto nei, ko te hurihanga anō o te mekameka tuku kai nā te mate urutā hou o te niumōnia karauna e whakaatahia ana i roto i te nekehanga tere ki te tuku kai tuihono, he mea nui tēnei ki te umanga kai me te inu tuku iho.
Hei tauira, i heke ngā hoko a te mekameka kai tere a McDonald's i Ūropi mā te 70%, kua hurihia e ngā kaihokohoko nui te whatunga tohatoha, kua piki ake te kaha tuku kai a Amazon mā te 60%, ā, kua whakapiki ake a Wal-Mart i āna kaimahi mā te 150,000.
I te wā roa, i kī a Kovac: "Tērā pea ka rapu ngā umanga i te whakaputanga kore-pūtea i te heke mai. Tērā pea ka whakaitihia e tētahi umanga nui me ngā wheketere maha tōna whakawhirinakitanga motuhake ki tētahi wheketere. Mēnā kei te kotahi whenua tō whakaputanga, ka taea e koe te whakaaro ki te kanorau, pērā i ngā kaiwhakarato, ngā kiritaki whai rawa rānei."
"E whakapono ana ahau ka tere ake te tere o te aunoatanga o ngā kamupene tukatuka kai e hiahia ana ki te haumi. He mārama, ko te pikinga o te haumi i tēnei wā ka pā ki te mahi, engari ki taku whakaaro ki te titiro whakamuri ki te tau 2008 (te tuku i puta mai i ngā here ki ngā kaweake kai i ētahi whenua) Mēnā he raruraru nui), ko aua kamupene kai me te inu e hiahia ana ki te haumi me kite i te tipu o ngā hoko, i te iti rawa he pai ake i ngā kamupene kāore i haumi." I kōrero a Kovac ki te kairīpoata CBN.
Wā tuku: Maehe-06-2021